The Scramble for Africa

In the late 1800s, European countries rushed to claim land in Africa. This period is called the Scramble for Africa. Between about 1881 and 1914, European nations divided nearly the entire continent among themselves. They drew borders on maps without caring about the people who already lived there. This caused great harm to African communities and its effects are still felt today.

Why Europeans Wanted Africa

European countries wanted Africa's resources, like gold, diamonds, and rubber. They also wanted new markets to sell their goods. Powerful countries like Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium competed to claim the most land. In 1884, European leaders met in Berlin, Germany, to set rules for dividing Africa. No African leaders were invited to the meeting.

The Impact on Africa

European rule changed Africa deeply. New borders split ethnic groups apart and forced different groups together. African people lost their land and freedom. Many were forced to work in mines and on farms for very little pay. African cultures and traditions were often disrespected. Over time, African people fought back. By the mid-1900s, most African countries had won their independence.

Fun Facts

• By 1914, only two African countries, Ethiopia and Liberia, were not controlled by European powers.
• The Berlin Conference of 1884 lasted several months.
• The borders drawn by Europeans during this time are mostly the same borders African countries have today.

Did You Know?

Ethiopia successfully fought off an Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, remaining one of the only African countries to keep its independence during the Scramble for Africa.