Topographic Maps

A topographic map is a special kind of map. It shows the shape of the land using curved lines called contour lines. Each line connects points that are at the same height above sea level. By reading these lines, you can tell where there are hills, valleys, and flat areas.

Reading Contour Lines

Contour lines that are close together show steep land like a cliff or mountain. Lines that are far apart show flat or gently sloping land. Every fifth line is darker and has a number showing the elevation. When contour lines make circles, they show the top of a hill or a depression.

Who Uses Topographic Maps

Hikers use topographic maps to plan trails and know how steep the land will be. Scientists use them to study the landscape. Engineers use them when planning roads and buildings. These maps are also used by the military and rescue teams to navigate unfamiliar terrain.

Fun Facts

• The first modern topographic maps were made in France in the 1700s.
• The United States Geological Survey has mapped the entire country with topographic maps.
• Topographic maps of the ocean floor show underwater mountains taller than Mount Everest.

Did You Know?

If you stacked layers of cardboard cut along contour lines, you could build a 3D model of the land. Many students make these models in school to learn how topographic maps work!